Critical Thinking Reflection Essay

Select one of the following questions and answer it in 200 to 300 words using the principles of critical thinking you learned in this course. How can we reduce poverty in the United States?  Will receiving a college degree improve your career opportunities? Has the United States peaked as a world power? Will receiving a college degree improve your career opportunities? Once I choice this question immediately my enculturation barrier surfaced, because as soon as I read the question I said to myself well yes it does, and I believe I said that to myself because that what we have all been taught by our parents, teachers, and media, so that’s what I know to be true. After realizing that I allowed my barrier to surface I stopped and started to ask myself questions that might help me figure out what the answer really is on my own. I asked myself things like, where is there proof of this? Are there facts that will support what I currently believe? After going through the series of question in my head I started doing some research. After I completed my research I found information that did support my original thought, but there was also information that I found to be informative but didn’t really go with my thought process. I found things like, â€Å"College grads also tend to make more, which many view as a benefit. According to a study by the Pew Research Center, over a lifetime of work, the typical college graduate earns $650,000 more than the typical high school graduate. (The study also found that college graduates have more stable employment.† (â€Å"Finding the Value in a College Degree,† 2014, para.). Which shows that having a college degree can benefit you. The other information I found that was informative was that â€Å"A college degree doesn’t guarantee high earnings. This benefit will depend on your intended major and school.† (â€Å"Finding the Value in a College Degree,† 2014, para.). This tells me that just because someone has a degree it doesn’t mean that they will make more money, they have to have a degree that applies to that job. After asking myself questions and doing some research I am going to say that having a college degree will improve career opportunities. Citation Finding the Value in a College Degree. (2014, September). The Student Loan  Ranger, (), . Retrieved from http://www.usnews.com/education/blogs/student-loan-ranger/2012/09/12/finding-the-value-in-a-college-degree Write, once you have answered the above question, a reflection of the process of critical thinking you used in forming your response. Include the following in your reflection: How does the process of critical thinking you used relate to or differ from the process you used to find content for your answer? How can you use critical thinking in other areas? What steps can you take to ensure that you continue to use critical thinking in the future? Reflection The process of critical thinking that I used to answer my question relates because in critical thinking you have to be willing to think differently and not just go with what you think you already know. You also have to ask yourself question and be able to understand the answers. I believe that I can use critical thinking in other areas by making sure that I am always open minded and be willing to listen and learn form others. The steps that I can take to ensure that I continue to use critical thinking in the future are to be able to acknowledge when I’m letting barriers get in the way, and make sure that I try to avoid them in the future. Other steps that I can take are to make sure that I question almost everything, don’t always go with what someone wants me to believe. I will always ask questions and try my hardest to make sure that I understand the answer. I will also continue practicing and learning about critical thinking as much as a can so I can strive to become an advanced critical thinker.

Thermal Imaging

The case involved a Mr. Smith whos house was suspicious of growing marijuana. The police used thermal technology to scan Mr. smiths house where they found high amounts of heat. The police then got a search warrant and found marijuana growing in his house. Smith was then arrested and entered a conditional guilty plea. Now the high court had to make a decision that would challenge even the greatest lawyer and justice to ever step into the Supreme Court. The case started off with the lawyer for Smith making his case for Smith. The lawyer stated that that the thermal imaging on Smith's house was indeed a search and that this search was unecessary. His house and privacy were protected by the 4th amendment of the United States. The technology was not used properly and unconstitutionally viewed contents on the inside of Smith's home without a warrant. The thermal imaging devices should have not been able to view just his complex and if he was singled out then everyone should be subject to the same thermal imaging of their homes. In his final statements Smith's lawyer said that thermal imaging is infact a search and that the thermal imaging had no probably cause and he should go free for this violation of his 4th amendment. The next speaker was the lawyer representing the United States. The lawyer for the United States said that the thermal imaging device brought about a probable cause in the triplex and that he was previously suspected for having marijuana so they had to do it for public safety. He also pointed out that a warrant was issued for the search of his house. The United States lawyer ended his statement stating that Smith is a criminal and thermal imaging was used in the case of probable cause. The next speaker was the Solicitor General of the United States. The general was in favor of Smith. He stated that thermal imaging is a search. The thermal imager had no probable cause and that using this high tech device that no normal person can afford should be used without a warrant. The General finished with saying that Smith should go free for this because he was illegally searched. The fourth amendment of the constitution guards against unreasonable search and seizures when the search party has â€Å"reasonable expectation of privacy†. The amendment specifically requires search warrants be judicially sanctioned and supported by probable cause. It was adopted as a response to the abuse of search warrants in the American Revolution. The debate of the definition of search has been challenged in many cases in the history of the United States and is brought up again in this case. The Supreme Court ruled that a search occurs only when a person expects privacy in the thing search and society beliefves that expectation is reasonable. This was decided in Katz v. United States in 1967. In Katz the Court ruled that a search had occurred when the government wiretapped a telephone booth. Now seizure is the other part of the 4th amendment. A Seizure of propert occurs when there is meaningful interference by the government with an individual's possessory interests. The exclusionary rule also falls under seizure. The exclusionary rule states that voluntary answers to questions given to officers are offered into evidence in a ciminal prosecution. The government may not detain and individual even momentarily without reasonable, objective grounds, with few exceptions. The refusal to listen or answers does not answer these grounds. The invasion on people's privacy is only minimal and is usually only in speical cases. Some of these exceptions are at borders and ports of entry into the United States as well as Roadblocks. Another big part of this case was the question is a warrant needed. A warrant is issued by a judge and only then may a officer legally search someones property. Without this warrant it was unconstitutionally searched and therefore is void. Warrants are required for any search of property. Some exceptions to a warrant are Consent, Plain View, Open Fields, Curtilage, Motor Vehicles and Searches incident to a lawful arrest. Consent is if a part allows a search to happen. Plain view is if something is viewable by the officer he can confiscate it. Open Fields such as farm fields, opne water, and woods may be searched without a warrant. Curtilage is the outdoor area immediately surrounding the home, which is protected by the 4th amendment. Courts have determined that this area is an extension of the house and is subject to privacy. People in automobiles have reduced privacy because vehicles are not used as homes. Vehicles cannot be randomly stopped and searched , there must be probable cause or ciminal activity. With probable cause officers may search any area inside a car. However, they cannot search passenger without probable cause to search them. The Searches incident to a lawful arrest are used to prevent the arrested individual from destorying evidence or using a weapon against the officer. It is reasonalbe for the officer to search the area within the arrestee's immediate control. A search of lets say the room they were arrested in is acceptable. Now comes the issue of Probable Cause which was brought up many times in this case. The police must have legally sufficient reasons to believe that a search is necessary. And during this search they must uncover criminal activity or contraband. The Supreme Court had many cases involving Probable Cause. In Carrol V. United States the Supreme Court stated that probably cause to search is a â€Å"flexible, common-sense standard. † So the issue of probable cause can be a toss up and can't really be determined directly (Adapted from History Book and Wikipedia. com). If I were a justice on the Supreme Court I would rule in favor of Smith. The use of thermal imaging reveals the contents of the inside of his home. This violates his right of security and thus violates the 4th amendment. The officers did have probable cause to search his house because of his alleged marijuana growth. But that doesn't mean they could search his house without a warrant. They needed to get judicial consent before using the thermal imaging to search his house. Plus thermal imaging is not available to everyone so they could not use it without consent. Our class found Smith innocent. The police unlawfully searched his house with the use of thermal imaging. Even though we came to this verdict it could have easily gone the other way. It all is based on your view of the Constitution. Unless you are one of the people who wrote the Bill of Rights I guess we can never truly understand the constitution fully and it is proven with the countless cases brought to the Supreme Court over the years. I think instead of us trying to understand the constitution in our own ways, we should study the founding fathers into depth and learn the true meanings of their words and the reasons for why they created this great rules. Even with the addition of new technologies and advanced software we need to continue to look back at our roots which created this great nation. If we do not do this our nation will likely fall due to our own negligence and feeling of superiority over everyone in the world. We need to learn from our mistakes and build a more simpler life as they had back in the 1700s. Only then will we truly understand The Constitution and the reasons for why we have made it this far as a nation.

Archimedes Essays (740 words) - Buoyancy, Archimedes, Pumps

Archimedes Ren.C Archimedes was a Greek mathematician and scientist. He was born in Syracuse, Sicily in the year 287 B.C. He was educated in Alexandria, Egypt. Due to the lack of information about Greek mathematics, many Greek mathematicians and their works are hardly known. Archimedes is the exception. Archimedes was very preoccupied with mathematics. For instance, he often forgot to eat and bathe because of his always wanted to solve problems. He found areas and volumes of spheres, cylinders and plain shapes. He showed that the volume of a sphere is two-thirds of the volume of the smallest cylinder that can contain the sphere. Archimedes was so proud of this concept that he requested that a cylinder enclosed a sphere, with an explanation of this concept, be engraved on his grave. Archimedes also gave a method for approximating pi. He was able to estimate the value of pi between 3 10/71 and 3 1/7. Math wasn?t as sophisticated enough to find out the exact pi (3.14). Archimedes was finding square roots and he found a method based on the Greek myriad for representing numbers as large as 1 followed by 80 million billion zeros. One of Archimedes accomplishments was his creation of the lever and pulley system. Archimedes proved his theory of the lever and pulley to the king by moving a ship, of the royal fleet, back into the ocean. Then, Archimedes moved the ship into the sea with only a few movements of his hand, which caused a lever and pulley device to move the ship. This story has become famous because Archimedes said, "Give me a place to stand on and I will move the earth. Another invention he invented was the Archimedean screw. This machine was built for raising water to highland areas in Egypt that could not receive water directly from the Nile River. This device is still used today for irrigation purposes even is some countries today. The most famous story of Archimedes life involves the discovery of Archimedes' Principle. The story begins when King Hieron asking a goldsmith to construct a gold wreath to the immortal gods. After some time, the king came to suspect that the wreath was not pure gold but rather filled with silver. In order to end his suspicion, the king asked Archimedes to determine whether the wreath was pure gold or filled with gold without destroying it. Archimedes agreed to try to solve the king's problem. Then one day, while he was taking a bath, Archimedes noticed that the water level rose in the bath as he entered the water. Archimedes was so excited by this discovery that he jumped out of his bath and ran naked through the streets yelling, "Eureka, Eureka!!? meaning, I have found it. Archimedes had discovered that a body immersed in a fluid displaces its weight of fluid. This principle in turn helped Archimedes prove that the gold wreath was not solid gold. Archimedes was probably most famous during the time he lived because he developed techniques defenses for Syracuse against the Romans. Syracuse was able to hold off the invasion for three years due to Archimedes?s inventions. He invented catapults, which hurled blocks of stone, and cranes, which dropped large stones on approaching ships. Also, he developed scaling ladders, which helped soldiers climb over enemy walls. Archimedes can use mirrors to reflect sunlight on the adversarial ships burning them. The Romans finally invaded Syracuse and overtook the city Archimedes was drawing circles in the dirt. When a soldier commanded Archimedes to surrender, Archimedes instead drew his sword and told the soldier that he wanted to finish the proof he was working on before surrendering. The soldier became angry and killed Archimedes. This shows that Archimedes was so committed to his expertise that he took the chance to dying in order to work on his last problem. Archimedes was so thoughtful with the study of math, and because of it, it led to many important discoveries and principles for us today. What helped me the most were encyclopedias, books and the Internet. I think I got enough information to basically point out the general account of it. I can?t really think of anything I can do differently. I learned that Archimedes was

Metropolis 1927 Movie Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Metropolis 1927 Movie - Essay Example The story of ‘Metropolis’ was co- written with Lang’s wife Thea Von Harbou. Throughout the movie, one is entertained in observing the innovativeness of imageries used by cinematographer Karl Freund. Otto Hunte handled the art designing department. Its lead actors include Alfred Abel as Joh Frederson, Gustav Frohlich as Freder, Rudolf K. Rogge as Rotwang, Theodor Loos as Josaphat, Fritz Rasp as the Thin Man, Brigitte Helm as Maria and Heinrich George as the Guardian of the Heart Machine, Grot. Besides the ill impacts of industrial revolution, the movie was also inspired by ‘Gas’, ax expressionist play by Georg Kaiser (Huyssen, 223). Background: Chaos In the 1920’s, the city of Los Angeles represented the whole condition of America in a nutshell. The city dwellers were clearly divided into two sections. While the former was bright, full of fun and frolic the other was embedded deep into darkness. However, this division was unplanned and never sta tic (Sitton, 1-3). Darkness was in the lives of people belonging to the latter group, who inhabited the city’s dark underworld. They were restless and aimless, struggling for identities within dingy working conditions. It was quite impossible to unnotice the vigorous potential of energy or force soaring among the masses. As more and more immigrants poured in during 1920’s America began to transform. Big Red Cars of Pacific Electric began to flood the streets of Los Angeles downtown. Expansion came hand in hand. It was immediately followed by oil discoveries and subsequent effects of industrial revolution. While one section of society fully reaped the benefits of this revolution, the other section got plunged into darkness. The business leaders became synonymous with exploiters and the terms like â€Å"industrial employment†, â€Å"industrial capitalism†, etc. were defined in a new way (Sitton, 15). Practically, with the huge inflow of labors, number of fa ctories increased but the quality and quantity of facilities remained the same. This resulted in congestion, less availability of basic human requirements, and an increase of crime and sickness. It was this abhorrence and horror that inspired making of ‘Metropolis’ in 1927. Industrial revolution: theme of Metropolis According to Parker, â€Å"Metropolis was all about movement, crowds, noise, smoke and a constant atmosphere of menace and danger† (Parker 155). Being a silent film, it successfully brings out the unforgiving nature of city life, without using any dialogue. It is not a film that inspires hope. It rather focuses on the destitution and hopelessness prevails. At the same time, it also highlights the notion of Proletarian women, of which Maria is the chef spokesperson. Along with oppression, the movie also shows the lessening of family values with the advent of industrial revolution. However, in the latter half of the movie the maternal instinct is shown to be growing stronger and ends up in the form of a rebellion. Mass dynamism and force is the only remedy for escaping the tyrannies of capitalism- is the only note of hope that this movie offers. (Gabriela, 30). To emphasize the theme of industrial revolution, several scenes represent use of technology. Such scenes, not only increases the emotional effect of the picture, but also directs the flow of narrative. Some of these memorable scenes are- the beginning of the movie

Northeast Utilities Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Northeast Utilities - Research Paper Example This informs that five companies that were once independent constitute the Utility. In 2010, Northeast Utility further eluded their intention to merger with NSTAR but maintaining the title as Northeast Utility and this is still a subject of approval. It is worth noting that the company is listed in the Fortune 500 with the headquarters at Berlin, Connecticut. The company also runs several subsidiaries in the business of retailing electricity and natural gas. The company’s customer base in New England is about 2.1 million and this qualifies it to be one of the largest public utilities in New England (Hoover, 2012). In this regard, the company has electric transmission lines covering 3,140 miles with about 32, 802 distribution pole miles. Their natural gas distribution also covers an area of about 5,000 km2 (Murray, 2012). This utility serves the area of Connecticut, New Hampshire, and Western Massachusetts. With the figures shown relating to the company, it is evident that the company occupies a niche in the market and controls a significant share of the market. To ascertain this performance, the company has consistently features in the fortune 500 list, which ranks some of the best-reputed companies in terms of performanc e and profit making in the world. The industry involves supply of energy through electricity and the natural gases. Considering the 5-forces that are essential in shaping industrial competition, this industry is not an exception. In any business, it is very important to understand these forces so that one can identify the source of business strength and weaknesses so that the necessary adjustments can follow. In this case, this industry faces fierce competition from other companies providing similar products-competitive rivalry. This includes other companies like, First Energy, UIL Holdings, UNITIL, NSTAR, and EnerNOC (Murray, 2012). The

Managerial Finance Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Managerial Finance - Research Paper Example 19964 million. J Sainsbury plc consists of Sainsbury’s - a chain of 547 supermarkets and 343 convenience stores and the Sainsbury’s Bank (Jsainsburys, 2011). One of the most innovative services offered by the company is its online servicing and delivery system. Customers can make their purchases online and Sainsbury will deliver to 90% of the UK households. The system generates over 100,000 orders per week. The firm has a division called Sainsbury Property that has a portfolio that includes 297 freehold and long leasehold properties and 43 joint venture properties (Jsainsburys). The retail operation of the company generates 19 million customers transaction every week. Five Business Ratios (2009-2010) 2009 2010 Net margin 289 / 18911 = 1.53% 585 / 19994 = 2.93% Current ratio 1268 / 4511 = 0.28 1797 / 2793 = 0.64 Return on capital 289 / 4157 = 6.95% 585 / 4966 = 11.78% Debt ratio 9836 / 5679 = 1.73 10855 / 5889 = 1.84 Earnings per share 16.6 32.1 Sainsbury vs. FTSE100 ind ex This part of the paper will demonstrate a comparison between the market price of the Sainsbury common stock and the FTSE 100 index. The graph that show the movement in the price of the stock and the index are illustrated in appendix A and appendix B. In order to evaluate the results further qualitative information based on company news is going to be used to attempt to interpret the results of the graph. The FTSE graph shows many fluctuations in up and down with the steepest downward in July 2011. Overall the general trend of the index prices was that the price of the index went up during the last year. During the first quartile of the graph the trend in prices of the Sainsbury was very similar to the movement in the FTSE 100 graph. The price of the Sainsbury stock peak in September 2010 and it bottom out during April of 2011. A piece of news that always shakes the price of common stocks is the release of quarterly results. The latest quarterly results of the company were release d in March 23, 2011. The graph illustrates that after the release of this piece of news the price of the stock after being the lowest point during the last year it began to steadily go up until May of this year. Analysis of Sainsbury financial performance In order to determine the viability of Sainsbury (J) as possible stock investment alternative this paper will analyze the company’s overall financial performance. The analysis includes their operations and how Sainsbury (J) compares with other similar stocks and its industry sector. By comparing key financial ratios we can visualize the overall financial position of the company and how the company compares to its overall industry sector in order to determine its attractiveness as a stock investment in a personal investment portfolio. Sainsbury (J) has become a leader in the grocery foods sector with a 16.9% market share in the UK. The company has made a number of fundamental changes in recent years in order to enhance overal l competitiveness and fuel future growth. Sainsbury is known to be the world leader in Fair Trade Products with around 25% of all Fair trade Products in the UK. The company was also named Supermarket of the Year at the 2009 Retail Industry Awards for their efforts to innovate and adapt to changing customer needs over the last year. Sainsbury’s operational focus is centered accelerating future growth and sustainability. The five key operational areas the company focuses on in order to further increase its market

Political Documentaries Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Political Documentaries - Essay Example Both films reveal that media activism is a vital tool in the political world. Burma VJ (2008) is about the Saffron Revolution in Burma, while Tsar to Lenin (1937) shows the Russian revolution. By comparing these two documentaries about the Saffron and Russian revolution; it is evident that the revolutions altered the political dimensions of the affected nations. Additionally, the two documentaries are themed on revolution with authentic footage. However, Burma VJ (2008), attempts to bring about social changes with footage filmed by amateur video journalist while Tsar to Lenin (1937) attempts to work mere compilation of video records. This is an important observation vital in the analysis of the trends of the documentary films because nowadays advanced technology enables us to have accesses to information easily, thus such a video journal documentary as Burma VJ (2008) can force modern audiences to be witnesses to real political events. Tsar to Lenin (1937) presents the extraordinary 1917 revelation of the Russians from a mass uprising which defeated the Tsarist regime to the Bolshevik-led insurrection. This film portrays the Russians under the Tsarist dictatorship of Nicholas II; who believed in autocracy system of governance. Russia experienced industrialization quickly and it led to low paying jobs and high unemployment rates. This film shows the luxurious life of the ones who resided at the Imperial court, while the citizens (peasants and working class) of Russia suffered in ignorance and extreme poverty. Moreover, Russia was losing in the World War I and the populace blamed the Tsar for happenings. The economy of the country grew weak leading to shortages of food; resulting to hunger and death. The reigning Tsar lacked proper management skills with both politics and the military. The Tsarist regime was put under severe compression by the challenges and the difficulties of the world war. Since the war began, in adequacies

Economic Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Economic - Assignment Example As the name suggests, a highly competitive market is possible in the presence of a large number of buyers. Due to the presence of a large number of players, none of them has a clear control or controlling stake either on the market or on the price (Malcolm C. Sawyer, 1985). However, the competitive market operates on the basis of a number of key influential factors, which will be used to explain the case of the store under analysis. A highly competitive market means that each of the suppliers holds an insignificant share in the market, which means that the firm is small in comparison to the size of the overall market that comprises all the suppliers in the sector. As such, the influence of a single supplier on the market price is negligible and the quantity that each produces depends directly on the level of demand from consumers. The price that the firm sets therefore depends on this demand, due to which a supplier will be known as a ‘price taker’. Another factor that makes the market highly competitive arises from the identical nature and quality of the products manufactured by every supplier, which leaves the customer with very little choice to choose between the individual suppliers and brands. Thus, a high substitution of products is another major factor that contributes to the lack of governance on the price (Pass, Bryan Lowes, 1994). The consumer is well informed on the prevailing prices in the market and the producers cannot modify the price above the market price as the higher price combine with the availability of identical products from other suppliers for cheaper prices will encourage the customer to consider other providers thereby bringing the substitution effect once again into play. Suppliers have equal opportunities in terms of access to resources and labor in addition to technological improvements. Thus, improvement in production capabilities by one firm can have a spillover effect on the other competitors and require them to make similar

Mansoor Ahmad Saad Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mansoor Ahmad Saad - Essay Example 5.Is the sample appropriate? Is the sample large enough? Is the sample truly representative of the relevant population? What are the particular issues with this population? Are the tasks and materials appropriate? To answer the first question of the critique, the rationale for carrying out the research is discussed. As argued by Prezant and Marshak (2006), parents of children with disabilities need a broad range of support services from service providers and child care units so that they could facilitate positive outcomes for their children and these support services will have to be aimed in a manner that meets the needs of the parents of children with disabilities. The needs of the parents may be varied and they may not always agree with professionals on what actions or services are truly helpful. In order to understand the parents viewpoints on the type of support services required, this research paper by Prezant and Marshak (2006) have focused on the aims of examining provisions of health care services provided to disabled children from the parents’ perspectives. The authors cite Kerr (1984) suggesting that the concept of help may differ from one person to another and that parents may have different opinions of help when compared with the professionals so it is necessary to understand parents view of what constitutes ‘help’. The theoretical framework thus seems strong in this case as the authors provide their case and their argument in a convincing manner, drawing on a conceptual framework of help and service. Help could be understood not only on the basis of unmet needs but also the type of nature of help needed. Marshak and Present (2006) suggest that parental perspectives on the kind of services provided to their children are very important as parents decide on what kind of help should be available to their children and what is most suitable for their children. Considering this, the authors do provide a string rationale

Welfare Social Services Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Welfare Social Services - Essay Example This essay researchers one of the mot important thesis in the capitalistic countries, that is whether or not societies have a duty to help those out in need. The researcher takes a look into modern society's views on the topic and provides some examples, he also expresses his opinion on the topic. It is suggested that nowadays the welfare social services is one of the most interesting issue, and many equally exciting and interesting topics have once again been thrown into the forefront of the public’s eye. These topics are all worthy of debate, and one of them that has again come up is the topic of welfare, and the cause of public assistance. It seems that just as many people that are for it, there are lines of people against it to. However, the researcher express his feelings that public assistance is not only people's duty, but an obligation and that people should never even think of taking away such social programs for those people who really need it. In conclusion of this essay, the researcher firmly asserts that welfare is something we need. In a capitalistic society, it almost depends on people to be at the bottom and be on welfare. Beside that, it is our duty and obligation to do all we can to help those in need, and at the end of the day that is really all it comes down to. We need to keep welfare to help out people of poor circumstances, and we need to make sure it stays around to help those people who truly need it and not let those who abuse it ruin it for those who rely on it to get by.

Health Development in Africa Essay Example for Free

Health Development in Africa Essay Throughout the world there is a growing concern about health as it is regarded as an essential part of the sustainable human development efforts. The growing importance of the health of the population is being highlighted in the economic circles, the foreign policy and the socio cultural settings. During the last 25 years, there has been drastic realization about health issues in the developing nations, which has given them hope of a better future for their children. Africa is one such region where poverty and hunger is widespread. This is the region where health care facilities are underdeveloped due to which many people face death. This paper, therefore, aims to devise and develop an essential health development policy, program and strategy for African region in order to eradicate the poverty. This forms the main thesis of the research paper (Mills, 1995). The role of health development has been gaining importance in the Africa and different countries are assisting the efforts by providing increased resources, which has put huge pressures on the weak health structure, organizational capabilities and workforce in one of the poorest regions of the country. There is a severe lack of planning and management of the health resources in this part of the world which has led to non- implementation of the health plans. The problem in the African region has been largely related to poverty, wars and conflicts, bad governance and non performance of health programs. This region also faces a huge virus of HIV and AIDS which increase the burden of disease (Loewenson, 1993). The domestic and international health polices for Africa have been drafted by international agreements of multiple countries which include Alma Ata Declaration of 1978, World Health Organizations Bamako Initiative in 1987 and Paris Declaration of 2005, and including many more. The famous Alma Ata, known as the birth of primary health care or PHC, aims to provide a comprehensive and affordable health plan by providing health facilities at the most basic level. However the PHC failed to achieve its targets due to lack of infrastructure and facilities, staff, civil wars, natural disasters and issues of bad governance and corruption. Later various new international policies were tried which included the structural adjustment plan of the World Bank which was based on loans, privatization and cost recovery, however it failed to deliver due to various reasons (Sikosana, 2009). The Bamako Initiative was launched in 1987 which was aimed at access to quality health care and tackle the scarcity of medicine by a number of balanced policies which were implement able and are the perfect health development plan for the impoverished region of Africa. Together with the World Bank 1993 report, both the policies aim at providing the healthcare at the grass root level in order to eradicate poverty (Mills, 1995). The recommendations include improving primary healthcare at all the levels in an equitable manner which should be available to all the people at any income level. Another recommendation includes the decentralization of the management of the PHC to the district level as oppose to the earlier practice which limited the control to few big hospitals which was the reason for corruption and bad governance. The government should ensure equity of fees charged at all levels which would ensure homogeneity of services to rich and poor alike. The government should be highly committed to maintain and expand the PHC program and all the national health policies should be inline to one standard policy. The government should also closely monitor the whole policy implementation process and ensure services to the poor. Sustainable effort should also be made to for poverty alleviation through education, gender equity, improved mother and child health programs and AIDS control programs. For the African health problems, the policymakers should make integrated national plans and strengthen the health systems by empowerment, equity and sustainability of the efforts. The public private partnership is also essential for the sustainability of the strategy (Sikosana, 2009).

Ap Compare Essay Essay Example for Free

Ap Compare Essay Essay AP Compare Essay During the 1450- 1800s, both the Spanish Empire and the Ottoman Empire were becoming powerful. Spain found the Americas while the Ottomans took over Constantinople. Both contained land which allowed Spain to focus on raw materials while the Ottoman Empire focused on expansion. Spain found the Americas which allowed Spain to find raw materials and help increase their economy. The Spanish was able to dominate other Empires because they found the Americas. On the other hand, the Ottoman Empire started to expand across the region because they were able to take over Constantinople. This allowed the Ottoman Empire to become one of the world powers. As soon as Spain found the Americas, they focused on grabbing raw materials because it would allow them to dominate the world economy. This also allowed Spain to become richer and powerful. However, as soon as the Ottoman Empire gained control over Constantinople, the Ottoman Empire knew they were able to expand their Empire because the Empire gained a lot of power which other countries were afraid of. Spain’s empire building process was focusing on a merchant empire because they wanted to dominate the economy; however, the Ottoman Empire’s building process as focusing on strengthening their military force. The Spanish lacked value as they focused on going to the Americas for almost everything like raw materials and natural resources. The Ottoman Empire government was corrupted which forced their military to maintain the Empire. Between the 1450- 1800s, both the Spanish and Ottoman were becoming the world’s powerful empire Spain and the Ottoman focused on different ideas, as Spain focused on merchant as Ottoman focused on strengthening military and expansion.

Levodopa on Decrease of Plasma Taurine Level in Parkinsons

Levodopa on Decrease of Plasma Taurine Level in Parkinsons Title: Levodopa aggravates the decrease of plasma taurine level in Parkinson Disease Key words: Parkinson’s disease (PD); Oxidative stress; Levodopa; Toxicity; Taurine; Highlights: This is the first study to explore chronic use of levodopa on the change of plasma taurine level. Plasma taurine levels were significantly lower in both treated and untreated PD than in healthy controls. Much lower plasma taurine level was found in treated PD than the untreated. Plasma taurine level was negatively associated with cumulative dosage of levodopa in PD. Abbreviations: PD, Parkinson’s disease; MMSE, mini–mental state examination; DA, dopamine; ROS, reactive oxygen species; MAO, monoamine oxidase; CNS, central nervous system; H2O2, peroxide; SOD, superoxide dismutase; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; Abstract In recent years, it has gained more and more focus that oxidative stress is implicated in the pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease(PD) as well as the potential toxicity of levodopa to nigral cells. Also, an increasing body of evidence suggests that taurine plays an important role in anti-oxidant function. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between plasma taurine level and clinical variables and the cumulative dosage of levodopa in PD patients. 44 treated patients with PD (all receive levodopa), 68 untreated patients with PD and 96 age-and sex-matched healthy controls were recruited. Clinical data such as age, gender, duration, Hoehn and Yahr stage and medication history were collected. Approximate cumulative dosage of levodopa was calculated to indicate the toxicity of chronic intake of levodopa. Plasma levels of taurine were measured by HPLC-RF. Plasma taurine levels were significantly lower in both treated and untreated PD than healthy controls. Much lower pl asma taurine level was found in treated PD than the untreated. Furthermore, plasma taurine level was negatively associated with cumulative levodopa dosage in PD. Our preliminary study indicates that taurine may play an important role in pathophysiology of PD and toxicity of chronic levodopa treatment. Introduction PD is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by selectively loss of dopamine (DA)-containing neurons in the substantia nigra and a concomitant reduction of DA in the striatum. Levodopa, a natural precursor of DA, has been the‘gold standard’ therapy for PD patients for decades [1]. However, the  pathophysiology of PD is up to now still poorly understood. More and more focus comes to that oxidative stress is implicated in the pathophysiology of PD, manifested as protein oxidation, lipid peroxidation, DNA oxidation and so on [2]. Moreover, there has been an increasing concern that levodopa may be toxic to dopaminergic neurons [3-5], mainly because of its potential to autoxidize from a catechol to a quinine and to generate other forms of reactive oxygen species (ROS) [6]. Taurine, an endogenous amino acid (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid), is abundant in excitable tissues such as brain, retina, cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle [7]. Both in vitro and in vivo studies together demonstrate that the anti-oxidative activity of taurine is a vital avenue of cytoprotection [8-12]. Additionally, our previous study has reported that plasma taurine level was decreased in patients with PD [13]. Also, there are lines of evidence that taurine may exhibit cytoprotective effect by acting as a scavenger for harmful free radicals produced by DA or levodopa [14, 15]. However, the precise anti-oxidative mechanism of taurine involved in both PD pathophysiology and putative toxicity of levodopa still remains uncertain. Furthermore, few studies have been done to address the relationship between plasma taurine level and clinical variables as well as the toxic effects of chronic levodopa administration. Hence, in our study, we specifically explored the underlying impact on plasma taurine level because of long-term levodopa intake in PD patients. 2. Patients and methods 2.1 patients Patients with PD, diagnosed based on UK Parkinson’s disease Brain Bank criteria by two movement disorders specialists (Kezhong Zhang and Lian Zhang), were included in this study [16]. Clinical data were collected by the same medical worker and the Hoehn and Yahr stage was used to evaluate the severity of disease [17]. Since the anti-parkinsonian drugs may affect plasma taurine level, thorough medication histories were completely obtained through family and patient recall, personal medical chart, as well as computerized patient information system in our hospital. Exclusion criteria were atypical or secondary Parkinsonism, impaired cognitive status (assessed by the mini–mental state examination (MMSE) [18]), previous neurosurgical treatment for PD, significant laboratory, medical, or psychiatric abnormalities, or any condition that might affect plasma taurine level. Age -and gender-matched controls were also recruited, devoid of neurological disease, poor nutritional stat us, dementia or a family history of PD. The research project was approved by the ethics committee of the first affiliated hospital of Nanjing medical university and all the participants were given a full explanation and consented to the study in writing. 2.2 Calculation of the cumulative levodopa amount In order to assess the underlying toxicity of levodopa , an approximation of the cumulative levodopa amount was calculated based on the following equation (modified according to that ofNagatsuet al. [19]): cumulative levodopa amount [g] =daily amount of levodopa[mg] * duration of levodopa intake [month] *30 [d/month]*0.001[g/mg]. 2.3 Measurement of taurine levels from plasma Plasma taurine levels were measured as previously described [13]. 2.4 Statistical analysis All statistical analyses were performed in SPSSV.20.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). The normality of the distribution of all continuous variables was examined by Shapiro–Wilk statistic. Homogeneity of variance was assessed by Levene’s test. Group comparisons were made using chi-square test for categorical variables, and one-way ANOVA as well as the Kruskal-Wallis test which was followed by the Mann-Whitney U test with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons (controls vs untreated patients, controls vstreated patients, untreated patients vs treated patients), as appropriate, for continuous variables. The correlation significance was evaluated by Spearman rank correlation coefficient.The statistical significance was set at P 3. Results 3.1. Demographic data, clinical variables and treatment status of PD Patients and Controls The demographic and clinical data of all subjects are summarized in Table 1. Gender and age did not differ among three groups, while the duration was longer (2.90 ±1.50vs. 1.45 ±1.14y, pHoehn and Yahr stage was higher (1.97 ±0.71vs. 1.67 ±0.72, pdetailed information on the treatment status see Table 2). 3.2. Plasma taurine level in PD patients and controls Notably, both treated PD (41.16 ±22.72 µmol/L) and untreated PD (57.38 ±31.05 µmol/L) were found to have significantly decreased plasma taurine levels compared to healthy controls (133.83 ±45.91 µmol/L, P for both comparisons for the two PD groups were considered as a whole, the mean taurine level was also significantly lower than that in the control group (P 3.3. Association between plasma taurine level and clinical variables and treatment status. Plasma taurine levels showed, however, no statistically significant association with age, duration, as well as Hoehn and Yahr stage in treated PD, untreated PD or all patients (Data not show). Interestingly, significant correlation was found between taurine level and cumulative levodopa dosage (shown in Fig.2, rs =-0.351, P Discussion According to our knowledge, this is the first study to explore chronic use of levodopa on the change of plasma taurine level. The major results of this study are summarized as follows: 1) Treated and untreated PD were found to have significantly decreased plasma taurine levels compared to healthy controls. 2) Plasma taurine level was lower in treated PD than the untreated, and inversely correlated with cumulative dosage of levodopa. Taurine, the most abundant amino acid in mammals, is widely distributed in central nervous system (CNS) [20] and its biosynthesis mainly takes place in the liver [21]. In the CNS, the concentration of taurine is dependent on food and a complex transport system at the blood brain barrier [20]. Hence, plasma taurine may partially reflect the pathological change in CNS of PD patients. Firstly, decreased plasma taurine level of patients with PD observed in this study is in line with our previous work [13]. Similarly, there have been some studies reporting CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) taurine level was significantly decreased in PD when compared to healthy controls [19, 22]. Previous studies provide evidence that taurine has a remarkable anti-oxidative function. Furthermore, in a study of PC12 cells, taurine exhibited a protective role against oxidative stress induced by peroxide (H2O2) through the alleviation of endoplasmic reticulum stress [12]. Also, Castro-Caldas et al. [10] reported that pretreatment of TUDCA (an analogue of taurine) abrogated the level of ROS in MPTP-mice, thus further highlighting the anti-oxidative role in vivo and suggesting that TUDCA may modulate the intracellular oxidative environment via interfering with the cellular redox threshold. Moreover, it has been observed that significant increases in glutathione content and superoxide dismutase ( SOD) activity were founded in the livers of the taurine-supplemented 6-OHDA–induced PD rats, which indicated that taurine may increase the defenses against oxidative insult [11]. Collectively, we assume that the decrease of plasma taurine level may result from chronic assumption of oxidants. Therefore, taurine may play an important neuroprotective role in the pathophysiology of PD via its potent anti-oxidative activity. By contrast, both normal [23] and increased [24-26] CSF taurine levels were found in several previous studies. Moreover, no significant decreased plasma taurine was observed in Molina et al.s study [22]. However, studies conductedby Lakke et al. [25, 26], Tohgi et al. [23] and Araki et al. [24] all had some limitations. For example, the controls were not well matched regarding gender and age. Additionally, different sample sizes and measurements may also partially explain the discrepancy of the results. Compared with those previous studies, we recruited relatively more patients in this study. Also, statistical analysis was well performed and measurement used in our study is more stable and sensitive. Nevertheless, we fail to observe correlation between plasma taurine level and age, duration and Hoehn and Yahr in treated PD, untreated PD or all PD. This may result from that only patients with relatively short duration (within 5 years) and low Hoehn and Yahr (within stage 3) were enrolled in our study, and the plasma taurine was probably not sensitive enough to examine the underlying correlation in early to medium stage PD patients. Therefore, further research including more stages of patients would bring more invaluable information on this point. Secondly, treated PD patients exhibited lower plasma taurine level than the untreated. Although the duration was longer and the Hoehn and Yahr stage was higher in treated PD than untreated PD, neither of the two clinical variables was correlated with plasma taurine level in each group. More importantly, plasma taurine level significantly negatively correlated with cumulative dosage of levodopa. These data suggest that chronic treatment of levodopa may affect plasma taurine concentration. Previous studies have shown that levodopa has the capacity to form ROS by autoxidation from catechols to quinines [4]. Interestingly, Biasetti et al. [27] found that taurine attenuated iron-catalyzed quinine formation from levodopa. Also, some studies suggest that taurine may bind these toxic quinones [27, 28]. Furthermore, there have been studies [29] showing that chronic systemic administration of levodopa to rodents depleted taurine pools, suggesting that taurine might play an important role in scavenging oxidants derived from levodopa metabolism in vivo. Therefore, we suppose that chronic consumption of taurine due to oxidants induced by levodopa may partially explain lower plasma taurine level in levodopa-treated PD than the untreated. However, there were different results observed in some other studies. Molina et al. [22] reported that no significant difference of CSF taurine level was found between levodopa-treated PD (n=21) and non-levedopa-treated PD (including untreated PD, n=8). The relatively small sample size may limit its interpretation. Moreover, Diederich et al. [30] found no significant decrease of plasma taurine after acute administration of levodopa. However, the acute levodopa administration may not fully refect the toxicity of cumulative levodopa intake. Nevertheless, our study has some limitations. Firstly, the population in this study is relatively small and the results must be interpreted cautiously. Secondly, as this is only a retrospective study, future longitudinal study combining with biomarkers of oxidative stress will provide more important information on the role of levodopa in affecting the plasma taurine level as a neurotixic agent and of taurine as a anti-oxidative agent. In conclusion, our results showed that decreased plasma taurine level was found in patients with PD in comparison to healthy controls. Moreover, plasma taurine level was found lowed in treated PD than the untreated, and inversely correlated with cumulative levodopa dosage. Combining with previous studies, these data suggest taurine may play an important protective role in pathophysiology of PD and chronic administration of levodopa may have potential neurotoxicity by depleting taurine. Also, our pilot study could, at least, provide new insights into therapeutic strategies.

Stem Cells: What How and Why? Essay -- essays research papers

Stem Cells: What, How and Why? Stem cells are infinitely valuable when considering their potential applications in the medical profession. While current legislative restrictions have halted the development of new ?stem cell lines? to any agency or company that receives any form of governmental grants, there is no question that the medical profession is standing at the brink of a new era of technological advancements in healthcare and research. Stem cells are valuable due to the fact that they are ?non-designated,? (have no specifically assigned task in the body, i.e. liver cells, brain cells, skin cells, etc.) and they also have the ability to divide indefinitely. Thus, theoretically stem cells could replace any damaged or lost specifically designated cells within the body. However, this is just a brief mention of the potential applications of stem cell research, which will be discussed at a later point in this essay. Stem cells are categorized into three genres based upon their potential developmental capability, total to limited. (NIH PRIMER http://www.nih.gov/news/stemcell/primer.htm) Totipotent stem cells are stem cells whose potential is total, thus totipotent. Totipotent stem cells are derived from embryonic tissue and fertilized ovarian eggs. This type of stem cell is of particular importance to researchers due to its ability to ?specialize into extraembryonic membranes and tissues, the embryo, and all postembryonic tissues and organs? (NIH Primer). However these type of cells are extremely difficult to come by and only occur in certain places at certain developmental times. Pluripotent stem cells are stem cells in which their potential is large but not total as in Totipotent stem cells. These cells lead to the development of many cells, but cannot derive certain types of fetal cells necessary for the development of a fetus as do Totipotent stem cells. These cells undergo further assigment into cells that are designed to derive specifically assigned cells. Pluripotent stem cells are somewhat easier to come by comparatively speaking to totipotent stem cells. The final genre of stem cells is that of multipotent stem cells. These cells are more specialized than the other two categories and thus are more restricted in their capability. Multipotent stem cells are derived from pluripotent stem cells. While pluripotent stem cells are least in their po... ...if a republican president is elected following Bush. Some might say these restrictions are necessary as technology and knowledge expand. However, by allowing the government to limit was scientist can and can?t do; we?re only doing one thing. Making the most brilliant minds our country has to offer leave. It seems as though America is one of the last overly conservative strongholds left in the modern world. If we allow our government to restrict what scientist can research in the United States, the scientist will simply move somewhere where the research isn?t illegal. I regard science as a passion. I can say with absolute certainty it is not my passion, however to many who make it their career choice, it is. I offer you this example. My passion is writing, if the government made it illegal to write about what I desired, I would do whatever necessary to allow myself to follow my passion. Moving across that big pond we call the Pacific Ocean would be a small price to pay to follow my passion and practice it freely. It should be noted that by restricting research of nearly any kind (yes I do have some morals) would simply result in the loss of America?s greatest thinkers.

House of Spirits Essays -- essays research papers

In her famous The House of the Spirits, Isabel Allende documents the life of several characters during the Chilean reality in the 1930s. Her notorious feminist ideology is, at times, extremely obvious. Elements such as the clash of social classes and the social, political and economical conditions of Chile during this period of high turmoil are also well portrayed. Isabel Allende achieves to give us a good image of what life in Chile was like during those years. Some particular characters specially exemplify all of these elements very clearly. Allende’s character Esteban Trueba has a very intricate life. Through his triumphs and defeats and through the different places of this novel, Allende portrays several elements that clearly exemplify historical, political and economic events in Chile. Esteban’s life is that of the low class in Chile. He usually longs for power and money to make good things happen. After leaving, his mother and sister, and starting a new and independent life, Esteban’s ideology changes dramatically. For the first time he directly experiments success and wealth. He feels as if he has no problems, mainly because he does not have a family to weigh him down. Trueba's move to Three Marias seems to appease his hunger temporarily, before his monstrous, demanding, and ever growing needs overwhelms him. The type of lifestyle achieved by Esteban Trueba in Three Marias far surpassed that of living with his mother and sister, however only brief moments of satisfaction are incurred. These, pre viously mentioned, moments created a hunger for perfection and greed that would continue perpetuate at any cost. Only when Trueba receives a letter from Ferula does he remember his life with her and his mother, which forces him to endure his memories of poverty and pain. He even remembers the smell of medicine, which had encompassed their home. These memories force Esteban to reflect on the reasons and ideas that made him leave his origins. He reminisces on that portion of his life, occupied by the deterioration of his family. Esteban’s case represents that of the oppressed, poor class that is constantly struggling to survive. This struggle for survival becomes so pressing that they start thinking how, if they got the chance, could make things better. They usually fight a lot, but finally, when they reach the position of helping, power becomes their obsession... ...rayal of Nivea and her funeral is in direct contrast with that of Nana and Ferula. Nana is said to have: "...been born to cradle other people's children, wear their hand-me-down clothing, eat their left overs, live on borrowed happiness and grief, grow old beneath other people's roofs die one day in her miserable little room in the far courtyard in a bed that did not belong to her, and be buried in a common grave in a public cemetery."(P 57) The fact that: "None of the many children she had raised with so much love attended her funeral."(P 178) Allende reflects sadly on the women who meekly accept their defined role in society of the time. Ferula is portrayed similarly. Ferula: "...had sacrificed her life to care for the mother, and that she had become a spinster for that reason. Ferula had turned down two suitors on the pretext of her mothers illness"(P 178) When Esteban forces her to leave she is not seen in person until her death when she is found : "Festooned like an Austrian queen..." "She was magnificent in her queenly desolation, and on her face was an expression of sweetness and serenity she never had in her grievous life."

Describing a personal experience in helping the community :: essays research papers

Two lunchtimes a week I take part in my school’s Earth Dwellers Recycling Club. I take part in recycling as I feel that I am actually making a difference to the local environment’s current litter pollution issues. By recycling, more pollution is cut down from our school, and hopefully, our school fraternity will look up to our example and perhaps be inspired to do the same in their future years. I also hoped to gain skills such as teamwork, social-skills, and any other to be achieved. The school does not have to pay extra fees to hire garbage collectors within school, so a lot of hard labour and money is saved. This activity only requires some time, effort and consideration from pupils belonging to the school.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The activities affected other members of staff as they did not have to partake in any tasks and simply had to dispose of their litter with more thought and not have to do our job, which was nevertheless achieved in our spare time. I believe I gained social-interaction skills as a lot was needed to perform procedures such as carrying the bins, asking each-other to collect resources e.g. hygiene gloves and simply communicating when assigning each team to different floors and I was also quite proud of helping new members to join the team, as they also valued being welcome in the team and my guided help showing them how to recycle and perform procedures correctly. I also feel that I have gained a higher self esteem, as Neil Armstrong once said, â€Å"one small step for man, means one giant leap for mankind† as if all schools contribute to recycling and follow our example, we may be able to make a large-scale difference to litter-pollution, and pupils attitudes in general. I also feel more apt in being encouraged to take part in group-tasks, and activities, which make a true difference e.g. recycling, thus the activity has also raised my confidence levels greatly.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A large impact of my activities was put on teachers and those in the school who pay for garbage collectors, as they need not worry about the recycling bins since we are continuously taking part and recycling all the schools recyclable waste materials. Impact from recycling is put on most pupils, members of staff and anyone who enters this school as the reduction of litter provides a warmer, tidier and more environmentally-friendly atmosphere to the school, which is crucial for those pupils who rely on surroundings to make them feel more comfortable to learn.

IKEA Business Research Paper Essay

IKEA is a world renowned furniture and home goods provider. Like all international businesses they have challenges and dilemmas that effect how they approach different aspects of their business. By identifying issues and how to combat them by analyzing accurate data IKEA can better handle situations and ensure continued profitability and company success Statistical Analysis The first level of measurement that IKEA used was nominal measurement. With this level of measurement, items were assigned into groups or categories. This evaluated data was definitive and was captured with the questions that have a â€Å"yes† or â€Å"no† answer. The next measurement level was the ordinal level of measurement. This level signified several specific reason behind the assignment and indicated an approximate ordering of the measurements. This evaluated the captured data using median and mode, with questions that have the answer choice for example; satisfied and unsatisfied. This allowed IKEA to determine how often customers were satisfied or unsatisfied with their goods and services. The third level deals with the interval which classified along with ordered the measurements; this level specified the distances between each interval on the scale were equivalent along the scale from low interval to high interval. The final level was the ratio level of measurement, this level the measurements can have a value of zero and the divisions between the points on the scale have an equivalent distance between them, and the rankings assigned to the items are according to their size (Marchal, William & Whaten 2009). To evaluate the data, each answer will be given a ranking; excellent (100% satisfaction), average (50% satisfaction), and terrible (0% satisfaction). This was used to measure the level of consumer satisfaction. Challenges to Validity and Reliability Validity and reliability are the two critical factors to be considered during a sample design and data collection. Survey is a very expensive approach. Therefore it is very important to do it right in the first time. Carefully evaluating the potential challenges to validity and reliability of survey question, data and analysis is crucial. Cooper, D & Schindler, P (2006) indicated that there were four major faults of the survey instrument design are 1) the respondent error; 2) the situation error; 3) the measurer; and 4) the data collection instrument (Cooper, D. R. , & Schindler, P. S. 2006. ) At least two potential challenges for the survey should be considered. Different ethic group membership could have different answer to a same question. For example, the customers in some countries may be reluctant to select â€Å"extremely satisfied† or â€Å"extremely satisfied† in the survey questionnaire to express their satisfaction level. This could cause the external validity issues when collecting the data. A defective instrument can cause distortion in a way of too confusing and ambiguous. When the researchers design the questionnaire, they should consider the participants’ education level and comprehension capability. Leading questions, ambiguous meanings, mechanical defects are also mistakes that could cause instrument errors. For example, in the questionnaire one question is â€Å"What are the main reasons you chose IKEA for your shopping needs? † This is an open question to the customers, the outcome of the answers may not be able to quantify for data analysis. It will be better to list the possible reasons to let the customers to choose. The researchers have to carefully determine the instrument scales Steps to Minimize Challenges Our reasoning for the minimization of these potential challenges is to save the company time and money. Having a properly outlined and well prepared survey will lead to validity and reliability. Both validity and reliability are again the two critical factors to consider in the sample design and data collection processes. As stated in our previous section, we have chosen to utilize the following two challenges: ethnical differences and evaluation of the potential challenges to validity and reliability of survey question, data and analysis. Consideration for both challenges can be addressed and identified under the four major faults of the survey instrument design. In order to properly prepare the survey and minimize challenges, IKEA must act as the end user. What essentially will happen is that IKEA will see how the final output questions can be effected by multiple factors. These factors can include the following but are not limited to: age, race, background, and educational background. When looking into these factors they will help to identify potential initial faults of the survey. Finally, the questions should be compared and analyzed to avoid more simplistic issues. The following simplistic issues that could occur and IKEA should be prepared for are the following: leading questions, ambiguous meanings, mechanical defects, and comprehension. When covering all of the bases listed in the above paragraphs only then can IKEA’s final questionnaire/survey be complete. There is no way to eliminate the margin for error in any test such as a questionnaire. However when properly addressed the potential for challenges effecting data validity and reliability can be minimized. Classification of Findings Currently, IKEA’s main focus is on profit sustainability and determining if true brand loyalty or short term effects of the world’s recession have affected buying behaviors which has lead to an increase in profits. IKEA can classify the order of power using the fundamental categories; nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio. The nominal measurement scales categorize or put items in groups. The data that can be collected from a nominal scale will be definitive. For example IKEA will be able to determine regular customers from first time buyers and will be better able to analyze the data accordingly. The data reported that 8 out of 10 IKEA shoppers were returning customers. This data suggests that the economy did not have an effect on determining on where consumers were deciding to shop. With the ordinal level of measurement, it will evaluate the captured data using median and mode, with questions that have an answer choice. The data retrieved showed that for every 10 customers 9 were satisfied, which suggested that customers were returning customers because of true satisfaction and company loyalty. The interval along with ratio determines the distances between each interval on the scale are equivalent along the scale from low interval to high interval (Marchal, William & Whaten 2009). This will help to determine trend. This will happen from data being retrieved from questions like; what was your main reason for shopping at IKEA? If you could change something about your shopping experience what would it be? The ratio level is where the points on the scale have an equivalent distance between them, and the rankings assigned to the items are according to their size (Marchal, William & Whaten 2009). To evaluate the data each answer will be given a ranking; excellent (100% satisfaction), good (75% satisfaction), average (50% satisfaction), poor (25% satisfaction) and terrible (0% satisfaction). From the data collected it shows that there was 100% satisfaction 90% of the time. From this data we can conclude that customers are generally satisfied. By collecting data in an accurate and reasonably cost effective manner IKEA can determine their business success and shortcomings. This allows management to make educated decisions to continue company profitability and success.

Introduction to Economics Essay

The variation in the scathe of the houses from various cities merchantman be attributed to many dissentent economic factors that could ingrain the footing of the goodness or merchandise. on that point ar sometimes other substantiative factors that affect the price of a commodity or merchandise, like the rising of the price of unskilled oil. Crude oil serves as an input for most of the industries in our economy, and thus, if the price of the crude oil increases, commodities that use crude oil as a eccentric of the production costs would also suck in to increase so as not to affect their revenue.Well of course in this paper we are going to cut into more(prenominal)(prenominal) attention on the movement stub the differences in the prices of houses on both urban center as well as finding the root of the problem. Based from realtors. com, I observed that houses with the same number of bedrooms and bathrooms differ in terms of prices (realtor. com, 2007). As I analyze the given data on the site, I come up with the chase possible answer to the problem. The primer behind the differences in the prices of houses from city to city is found on the type of victuals that the city has.The higher the standard of financial posterioring would mean(a) that the citizens on that point are more candid of buying expensive houses or appliances. Whereas, those cities that has bring low standard of living denotes that the person living in those place has a set pop departingness to pay than with the higher standard of living. Because of this, the firms in the city with lower standard of living would be forced to set their prices middling to maintain their market share.Another reason would be, those cities with lower standard of living has only a simple design for their houses as compared to those hatful living in the teeming city and because of this, only those rich cities can feed to buy such glorious house. With this, raw material in making the hous e become expensive to rival the kind of living the citizen has. 2 The Effects of release and Demand If we are going to graph demand and bring out, we could limit that the demand is downwards sloping and bring home the bacon is upwards sloping. think of to appendix page, at first when there are no distortion in the economy happens, the supply and demand for houses are in the equilibrium the intersection of Po and Qo. straight off suppose that the demand for houses increase delinquent to higher incomes of the citizen, then, the demand wrick will shift to the right art object maintaining the professional supply curve. With this, we right away arrived at a higher price direct (Zilberman, 2002). It is logically for the house producers to increase their prices because people demand more of houses and they can afford to buy houses even if you raise your charge.Now lets go back to the equilibrium position, as for the effect of supply on prices, suppose that the firms can now produce more houses because they become more competitive and efficient, with this, the supply curve will shift to the right while maintaining the original demand curve. As we can see in the graph, the prices now decreased due to the inverse relationship of demand to supply (Zilberman, 2002). According to the law of supply, if the supply of a certain commodity increased, its demand would go to fall.This is the reason why demand is downward sloping while supply is upward sloping (investopedia. com, 2007). Well, it is rational for the producers to lower down their prices to attract more customers to purchase their inordinateness in the production since they produce more than the needed number in the market. In short, the effect of demand to prices would be positive(p) and negative for supply this is based on the producers point of peck most of the relationships here would be change by reversal if we would use the point of view of the consumers.REFERENCESinvestopedia.com. (2007). e conomic science Basics Demand and Supply Electronic Version. Retrieved wonderful 19, 2007 from http//www. investopedia. com/university/economics/economics3. asp. realtor. com. (2007). Home Plan HPG-1855 lucubrate Electronic Version, 1. Retrieved August 19, 2007 from http//www. homeplans. com/exec/action/plans/browsemode/details/ distort/PlnID. 24346/hspos/hsnet/page/1/planid/24346/section/homeplans. Zilberman, D. (2002). marketplace Policies and Incentives Electronic Version, 1. Retrieved August 19, 2007 from http//images. google. com. ph/imgres? imgurl=http//are. berkeley. edu/courses/PMB10/fall2005/Lecture19files/Lectur17. gif&imgrefurl=http//are. berkeley. edu/courses/PMB10/fall2005/Lecture-19. htm&h=487&w=576&sz=6&hl=en& set down=18&tbnid=5Ht0lrADVcB2LM&tbnh=113&tbnw=134&

Not Waving but Drowning Poetry Analysis

Steve Smith is a particularly dismal poesy. The poetry is about emptiness and shows what peck go out do to try to get attention. This song is a metaphor comparing how the emptiness of our lives consuming us is like dr stimulateing. This song is portrayed through the eye off man who Just died. In the poem the man died by dr birthing, supposedly because he caught hypothermia precisely as he suggested he died because he was in any case far out in the water. What this translates to in documentary life is that this man was modify inside.In a abortive attempt to try to fill this void, he swam advertize out only to become increasingly more(prenominal) than and more modify. In the end the emptiness border him and was drowned in it. Not waving merely drowning suggests that pot saw him doing these thing even likewisek no reflection of it because they thought it was him acting out he always loved larking, hike in legitimateity they didnt try out the signs that he was consumed. It must have been too frosty-blooded for him Suggest that they believed he died because it was too risky for him but he refutes that saying, it as too cold always, as in it was always risky.He gives the alternate reason, l was such(prenominal) to far out all my life and non waving but drowning. This suggests he knew what he was doing to that degree he did it anyways trying to get attention thus far everyone misinterpreted. I believe anyone can relate to this poem because it strikes an old chord in the human heart. Everyone is empty inside, and everyone has always tried going on a little soul hunt trying to go steady someone to truly unwrap them. But umpteen have failed and end up drowning In their own emptiness and misery.Not Waving but Drowning song AnalysisSteve Smith is a particularly somber poem. The poem is about emptiness and shows what people willing do to try to get attention. This poem is a metaphor comparing how the emptiness of our lives consumi ng us is like drowning. This poem is portrayed through the eye off man who Just died. In the poem the man died by drowning, supposedly because he caught hypothermia but as he suggested he died because he was too far out in the water. What this translates to in real life is that this man was empty inside.In a inconstant attempt to try to fill this void, he swam further out only to become increasingly more and more empty. In the end the emptiness touch him and was drowned in it. Not waving but drowning suggests that people saw him doing these thing withal took no nonice of it because they thought it was him acting out he always loved larking, but in reality they didnt get the signs that he was consumed. It must have been too cold for him Suggest that they believed he died because it was too risky for him but he refutes that saying, it as too cold always, as in it was always risky.He gives the alternate reason, l was much(prenominal) to far out all my life and not waving but dro wning. This suggests he knew what he was doing yet he did it anyways trying to get attention yet everyone misinterpreted. I believe anyone can relate to this poem because it strikes an old chord in the human heart. Everyone is empty inside, and everyone has always tried going on a little soul hunt trying to construe someone to truly notice them. But many a(prenominal) have failed and end up drowning In their own emptiness and misery.

Pow 13 Imp 1 Corey Camel

pris match punyr of war 13 Corey Camel problem program line Corey the Camel has a infinitesimal banana tree grove in the desert, her harvest this course was 3,000 bananas. The merchandise where Corey moves her bananas is 1,000 land geographical stat mis away. Corey has to passport to the market to carry on her bananas, for apiece millilitre Corey walks, she consume one banana. Corey support unaccompanied transport 1,000 bananas at a time. In this prisoner of war the finishing is to chance the do of bananas that Corey go off rule to the market. cognitive offset To make up ones mind the state to this prisoner of war I did the mini prisoner of war, as suggested. I utilise the uniform motion for prisoner of war 13, as I did for the mini prisoner of war.The process is as follows 1. Corey starts the transit with 1,000 bananas. 2. She travels two hundred land geographical naut mis, shes go forth(a) with 800 bananas. She stashes 600 bananas at two hun dred nautical mi point, belongings two hundred the motivate corroborate. 3. Corey picks up another(prenominal)(prenominal) 1,000 bananas. 4. She travels cc miles, she has 800 leftoverover. She and so picks up two hundred from the bananas stashed. She at one time carries thousand bananas and has cd more than(prenominal) stashed. 5. She travels an redundant 333 1/3 miles, shes left with 666 2/3 bananas, she stashes 333 1/3 at that place (533 1/3 mile point), she has 333 1/3 bananas left. 6. She indeed travels bear appear 333 1/3 miles to two hundred mile point.She has no bananas left, so picks up two hundred stashed (going away two hundred hushed at cc mile point), and travels blanket to the grove, cc miles away. 7. She picks up another 1,000 bananas at the grove. 8. She travels to the cc mile point, leaving her with 800 bananas, she picks up rest cc stashed. 9. With 1,000 bananas, she travels 333 1/3 miles to 533 1/3 mile point, she is then left with 666 2/ 3 bananas. 10. She picks up all in all 333 1/3 that were stashed in that respect 11. Shes back at mebibyte bananas 12. She makes be 466 2/3 mile trip, 1000-466 2/3 = 533 1/3 bananas left to sell at the market.Solution a. Corey the Camel im expose brace 533 1/3 bananas to sell at the market. b. Yes, I do come out at that my upshot is the ruff come-at-able, because if you cause stashing less bananas at the two hundred mile point, or travelling however forrader stashing bananas, you of all time descent niggling of the 533 1/3 bananas that this rule gives you. 533 1/3 is the close to possible bananas that Corey the Camel squeeze out posit to the market. c. The problems atomic number 18 essentially identical, scantily the mini prisoner of war uses small numbers. Its easier to overwork with and helped a muckle in purpose the adjudicate to the prisoner of war.The say is related, because you go basically the said(prenominal) steps, sound with little amount s of bananas and miles. paygrade I in spades presuppose that this POW was worthy it make me remember late almost what the purpose could be. I got a little scotch for a moment, because at offset printing glance, I would call the re exercisent to the POW to be 0 bananas, however, the more you look at it, you record out twofold slipway to brighten it. The high hat part nigh this POW was its comminuted cerebration factor, you in truth exigency to pay back into accounting many an(prenominal) perspectives and ways to solve the problem.

Human Growth And Development Essay

hebdomad champion Themes in maturation animal(prenominal) During this subscribe to up the s thrustr is breeding to mouse and walk. kind/ pagan The kidskin recognizes his/her p atomic exit 18nts as fail- inviolable passel. surroundal up(a) affables scientific everyplacetakes, exploitation fri repealships, channelise self-importance-importance-confidence, and aiding the grapple giver. siremental A inter compound labour of adolescence is to erupt a whizz datum of atomic number 53self as an self-g ein truthwherening several(prenominal).The rent for to a great extent than than than(prenominal)(prenominal) familiarity derives from the internal, biologic remains actes score the passing to a to a vaster extent prominent single- valuated escape (puberty and add cognitive due date) and from the shifts in accessible places and expectations that stick to these primal physiologic and cognitive sorts. u approximatethly It is nasty to c both the babes eldritch quest because of their express mail mightiness to kick downstairs on a linguistic aim. However, decreed sleep withs of chi bedfule and affection, and a elating purlieu whitethorn sustain aspects of earlier(a) humanliness a isthmus(prenominal)(prenominal) as forecast and g mature in an infant. girlish churlren oerlay the number 1 leash presents of un reas solitary(prenominal) Development. expert This dress is ind tho roughing for inculcate the information convention of the pip-squeak.This interpret the pincer besides run intos enigma declaration skills. ruttish emergence in a safe and contented purlieu is a a alike(p)(p) essential for your barbarians long-term scrape up. The oft impression to these activities, the stop real your electric razors head instructor and neural g everywherening bodys go forth be in devise enumerate come forward of the clo clothe with what resilientness has to offer. boilers suit shineivity A degree is a halt of conviction of issue, perhaps near(prenominal)(prenominal) extend of instructions, during which a several(prenominal) angiotensin converting enzymes activities (at least in bingle panoptic domain) jakesvas over certain(p) characteristics in commons (Broderick & Blewitt, 2010). This ideal right blanket(a)y says that sight point up at varied level and presents. existence a teacher I kitty pairize with this theory. I erect certify a veer with septetteth graders that I teach and fancy aroundwhat maturity from the offshoot of the year to the barricade of the year. In the additive set breeding is contriven as a smorgasbord that is do in gives over cadence. This is a harvestion line to the constitute illustration which nonions change as abrupt. (Broderick & Blewitt, 2010) both the incremental and the cardinal-dimensional manakin conceive that change takes theater bas e to a smashinger extent in st grows and continuously. (Broderick & Blewitt, 2010) I come upon that the beliefing cast female genitals do exempt how as pitying conclusion-to-end our tolerates we up lift over supremacyion finished with(predicate) disclose our lives. It besides stinker disposition at antithetic effort of our lives we heighten on sensation or to a greater extent aspects of the financial band ripeninging wheel. eccentricBroderick, P.C., & Blewitt, P. (2010). The take for sweep humanity ontogeny for set out professions (3rd ed.). focal ratio top dog River, NJ Pearson Education, Inc. gainweek two The primal come on material When a tyke is innate(p) they first-class honours degree get outing potency from heavy(a) brawns to diminished muscles. When baby birdren atomic number 18 unripe they contract to do nearly(prenominal) activities to uphold their extended and elflike muscles. al aboutthing I recognize is th at muscle skill out incurth and maintaining lusty ashes be essential in spirit subsequently for experience, compose and math. accessible/ pagan In this storey the fry augment a grit of self and a signified of belong to a family. They take up fly the cooping with an previous(predicate)(a)wise(prenominal)(a) pip-squeakren and they in addition scat in maps ( vie alone, command acting near differents hardly non re aloney acting with them, non missing to sh be, playing and sharing, and playing with a purpose). This tier is withal were the squirt in addition reckon to retrieve of the rights and flavors of others. surroundal A tykes environment plays a colossal office staff in their supposeing. picture state to diverse forms of activities that lick the uninflected and fanciful sides of the wizardry ar burning(prenominal). incremental ( calendar week 1-3 simply watching whitethorn let in characteristics of this leg) eldritch The pre-st succession is first base pip-squeakishness to set out with & dustup and conceptual conceit. one- measure(prenominal) surrounded by two and seven a tike enters visceral/projective organized theology label by the rise of fancy, bring post the bacond lacks logic for sceptical perceptions or fantasies.Next, tikeren draw close into mythic/misprint faith. present the squirt develops a itinerary of dealings with the human and do core that straight off criticizes and evaluates the front st climb on of imagination and fantasy. k nowing When a baby is the principal is agile to hire and contract information. In tenderness the foreland is like a computer, it has great authority for study. Having a great barbarianhood greatly influences the run across the child develops. wound up Doing this spot the child give transact that the beingness does not roll out round them. They apprehend to swear and misgiving others. As toddlers, they engender noble- judicial stopping pointed of things they compass and luck stating their opinions and desires. They similarly develople to larn to be orthogonal from their p arnts and they exit practic solelyy prison legal injury split upicipate in the initiateroom. They profusely acquire to brighten issues that whitethorn arise with others victimization words. They oft watch their sm previous(a)ing and they record that it is clear to make mistakes. over e real aspect subsequently empathiseing al sound-nigh organic evolution through and through and through and through the other(a) season, I figure that excited and environmental article of faiths atomic number 18 the al intimately merry during this compass point. When we be offset conceived the environment is the number grammatical constituent influencing us. Pi mount upt believed that the drumhead createsits suffer noesis.This constructivist status takes the child to be an agi le mount upnt thespian in the discipline offset, end s gayly quest out and arduous to make nose out of sunrise(prenominal) information. (Broderick & Blewitt, 2010) If you wait at it from this point of grab this is where teachers play an primary(prenominal) part in fashioning things magnetise the attention of pupils and do it gain lay d feature them. impudently look for is nice functional a lot over infant depot board and deferred payment (Broderick & Blewitt, 2010). This is full- cogency in the fashion that the environment plays a study portion in the nurture process children argon a product of their environment. The persuasion and behaviors of children be passed passel from coevals to generation. in that respect ar several things that I go myself doing that both my nonplus and yield do. I bind read research that says big(p) mothers that read to their infants succession in the uterus seduce smarter children. Erik Erickson believed that the previous(predicate)ish days of a childs deportment were heavy to their delirious eudaimonia (Broderick & Blewitt, 2010). He had state that the child should be nurtured, loved, and taked headspring to grow into an plausive closely travel some automobile trunk (Broderick & Blewitt, 2010) This is a in truth genuine world a teacher I grab that the students that capture pargonnts that atomic number 18 spry voice and show that they precaution and reinforcing stimulus their child they guard acquire the most well locomote students that I teach. metre the students that go for the p bents that ar cereb tramp on other things those students atomic number 18 not as much well buy the farm and free to look a carriage of the box. commendationBroderick, P.C., & Blewitt, P. (2010). The look dyad benevolent tuition for assist professionals. (3rd ed.). speed com drop dead River, NJ Pearson Education, Inc. calendar week cardinal essence childhood thr ough primal Adolescence fuddled-arm During the heart years, the childs evolution rate is some laggard than in anterior years, and sure slight(prenominal)(prenominal) fast than the ripening pass judgment during adolescence. These changes head to the childs development superstar of competency in congenator to his physiologic abilities and invoke his capability variety for participating in sports, dance, gymnastics, and other material pursuits. sociable/ hea consequently A fundamental p typetariat of adolescence is to develop a keep goingbone ofoneself as an self-directed individual. The suffer for much(prenominal) impropriety derives from the internal, biologic processes gull the re bracinging to a to a greater extent than huge(p) role (puberty and increase cognitive maturity) and from the shifts in well-disposed roles and expectations that go along these belowlying physiological and cognitive changes. Comp ard to children below age 10, teenager s be minded(p) fresh opportunities to receive immunity extracurricular of the alkali. They travel by much much unattended sequence with comrades which (compargond to bountiful-child relationships) be comparatively passable in term of societal government agency and authority. At the alike(p) quantify, withal, they prolong to verify on the condense and steerage offered by gr give birthups in the family, in traininging, and in community-based programs or activities.environmental The environmental changes that students get word as they move into gist-grade schools atomic number 18 in particular dis rewardous in that they strain competition, accessible comparison, and self-assessment at a fourth dimension when the immatures centre on himself or herself is at its height. The next-to- blend full(prenominal) schools speech conformation on discipline and teacher control, and its particular opportunities for student conclusiveness do, run up at a while in development when s promptlings argon author to commend of themselves as cleanfangled boastfuls who ar meet more trust worthy and be great freehanded respect. A s nett(p) move betwixt the early adolescent and the classroom environment increases the essay of insularism and school worrys, peculiarly for those early adolescents who were having bother succeed in school academic completelyy precedent to this school passage. developmental A substitution confinement of adolescence is to develop a understanding of oneself as an free individual. The guide for such(prenominal)(prenominal) impropriety derives from the internal, biological processes cross the transition to a more self-aggrandizing role (puberty and increase cognitive maturity) and from the shifts in neighborly roles and expectations that company these primal physiological and cognitive changes.Comp bed to children under age 10, teenagers are assumption pertly opportunities to mee t liberty outside of the home. They decease much more unsupervised magazine with looks which (compared to bountiful-child relationships) are relatively equal in toll of complaisant motive and authority. At the resembling cartridge clip, save, they anticipate to bank on the support and counsellor offered by bragging(a)s in the family, in school, and in community-based programs or activities. apparitional lay out of the childs development as an individual take ons an emergent fellow sense of touch of the look steering wheelof put up, maturation, aging, and demise. thither is an increase sensation that liveness fits into a bigger intrigue of relationships among individuals, pigeonholings of people, other animateness creatures, and the earth itself. School-age children run keenly kindle in these topics, peculiarly when confronted with mettle-to- represent experiences such as the birth of a sibling or the remnant of a grand upgrade. As children expe rience these events and learn to debate their ad hominem encounters as part of a larger completely, families and communities append central fond organization. They specialise value systems that provide children with staple fiber principles and bring forward them to assay their individual(prenominal) actions in abstemious of their usurpation on those nearly them. able The most strategic cognitive changes during early adolescence look up to the increase mightiness of children to reckon filchly, take the hypothetic as well as the real, encounter quadruplicate dimensions of a problem at the like clock m, and reflect on themselves and on change problems. at that place is as well as a lulu increase in the sophistry of childrens information-processing and graspment skills, their experience of variant subjects, their capability to f all in their knowledge to new development situations, and their cognizance of their progress to got strengths and wea knesses as learners. These high-order cognitive abilities armed service adolescents grade their larn and behavior b pass away to accomplish more intricate and wager up chores. stimulated Children in this catch strike both the freedom of in- soulfulness rumination and the structure of expectations and guidelines that they seat pick up and accept. Opportunities to interact with other children during this check without excessive boastful duty tour is important, although some neighborhoods or nutrition ar twinements shackle these chances. At the truly(prenominal) cartridge clip, children motivation to stir corroboratory interactions with prominents, reinforcing their genius of self-esteem, self-worth, and spirit in their expertness of own(prenominal) success boilers suit reproval Adolescence and in-between childhood, although a time for exploration and the inspiration of freedom and gaining maturity, is as well as a time of manage when teens work e ndless(prenominal)ly to range themselves and come to terms with extrospective maturity date and insulation from family (Berger, 2008).Changes in the military strength of peer relationships abet the adolescents in self-discovery and bounce back the difficulties of their heightened adept of self. companion hale supports the adolescent, although the resource of friends ignore be both a helpor a curb depending on the interests of the peers. Adolescence is a time of egocentrism and conceit when peer storm stack be immense. As teens face social pressures that embarrass experiment with drugs and other substances, intimateity, and a ever-changing lieu on relationships, their robust social network and the steerage of familial alliances are mesomorphic relationships that palliate accent mark during this time. These stratums of development entangle probatory changes strong-armly, mentally, and emotionally. The choices do by individuals during these acquaints f latten a penny both verifying and interdict consequences for the individual, his or her peers, and his or her families. Adolescence arrays when a out head for the hills of hormones triggers puberty, commonly between the age of 10 and 14. The arc of sex-specific hormones of androgens and estrogens by the gonads produce some ashesal and mental changes. sanies and change magnitude skill of variety meat and muscles view a study(ip) emergence blue jet (Berger, 2008). addressBerger, K. S. (2008). The developing somebody through the disembodied spirit broom (7th ed.). in the raw York worthhebdomad foursome tender to heart maturity soulal In this full point girlish vaingloriouss get by the process of sensible maturation, usually attaining full prominent height. supplementary sexual characteristics, such as size of extremity and breasts, are completed. Your variety meat and systems are all operating(a) at rash efficiency in childlike due date, roughly ages 21 to 39. Your system has gr make, and your physical potential is set. You prat take advantage of that by feeding right on and by on the job(p) out to get stronger. This is the time in living when you can mountain chain your superlative physically. The growth pour that came during puberty set the ground work for what you are sure-footed of sightly as a one-year-old adult. Your body trial runament suffice to activities such as running, cardio training, freight training and viands more predictably during immature matureness than it could when you were in puberty. affectionate/ cultural Some of the social changes accommodate divorce, changes in interlocking ( all arriver the pourboire of move or macrocosm unemployable for being overqualified), warmth for senile relatives, and difference in enate responsibilities (either fetching them on for after spiritedness parents or starting line over for some complete approach parents). environmental The first major pigeonholing includes boyish adults who move early into forming their own families and practice half-size in post-secondary education. Doing this period the early days adult moves out of their parents home and depart to start their own home. expiration the paternal home to testify ones own residence, establishing financial independence, complete school, pitiable into full-time employment, acquire married, and graceful a parent are considered attain markers of maturity (Booth, Crouter, and Shanahan, 1999). occupational (Week 4 and 5) During this fix up unripe adults move into adult roles and responsibilities and may learn a trade, work, and/or travel along higher education. They list travel goals and posit to come through them. ghostly quick-witted In this arcdegree of intent adults fully assure abstract concepts and are aware(predicate) of consequences and in- soulfulness limitations. frequently measure they tell their self-sufficiency and ca-ca and test their decision making skills. oft propagation they develop new skills, hobbies, and adult interests. ruttish Doing this point of look children decease adults, they move into adult relationships with their parents. They pay off to see their friends as a less important and pay off to take for themselves. They are more sympathetic and restrain greater niggardliness skills. pick out some recoverings of invincibility. anchor tenacious self depiction and begin to feel self-worth.boilersuit condemnation put due date is a tortuous time period that requires a 2-dimensional anticipation to show all of the processes and changes that are pickings place. The umteen changes during optic adulthood include physical, cognitive and social differences. During midway adulthood biological and physical changes sour apparent. During this time ocular perception, hear and the generative system mitigate. Adults who stick neer worn down glass or get to lenses may start needing optical correction. During this time adults may likewise need more light to see than their jr. friends. However, the existent time when one is considered an adult variesfrom theorists to theorists and can range anywhere from 18 to 25 years of age (Broderick & Blewitt, 2010). there are withal cognitive changes during core adulthood. at that place is a combine pattern of collateral and minus changes in cognitive abilities. bear upon hurry starts to come during this time period however crystallised thought does not castigate until honest-to- candidness age working(a) retention begins to decline however semantic memory carrys to increase as we learning end-to-end our sr. years. theorisers such as Schaie, Erikson, Vaillant, Levinson, Jung, Gould, and presently expect all depict gunpoints or phases in breeding- task change (Broderick & Blewitt, 2010). Theorist have shown that all adults come along to go through the aforesaid(prenominal) sta ges of changes in plaza adulthood (Broderick & Blewitt, 2010). composeBroderick, P.C., & Blewitt, P. (2010). The brio twosome benignant development for dower professionals. (3rd ed.). Upper weight down River, NJPearson Education, Inc.Week fivesome new-fashioned maturity date bodily lots propagation the someone fix less brisk and the health begin declining. sometimes at this age you get out start elder people that are very active and in damp shape than some of the junior adults. loving/ethnical The person has friends that they spend most of their time with and are very pleasant with the person that they are. environmental a goodly deal times at this age you leave behind take chances elder parents living at home with their students or either in a personal disturbance home. occupational (Week 4 and 5) Doing this stage in breeding the person has either retired from the rush or job. sometimes you get out find sr. adults retired unless working part time t o remain active in not sink with the end of vitality. spectral to the highest degree sure-enough(a) adults frequently face many losings as they age, so doing the emotional state story they lots farm to religion and to spiritualism as shipway to handle their losings. A lot of senior adults can much citation spirituals from the bible. reason Doing this stage the mind gets weaker. They generate unable to defend promptly, or act upon puzzles quickly than they could when they were younger. They get int think less, besides contract sulky stimulated sometimes in this age the one-time(a)adult is confront with low gear since they ofttimes have face up many losses be that from children, spouses, and/or friends. boilersuit comment Erikson felt that much of animation is preparing for the sum adulthood stage and the rifle stage is regain from it. by chance that is because as older adults we can often look back on our lives with felicity and are content, feeli ng accomplish with a recondite sense that life has center and weve make a region to life, a feeling Erikson calls integrity. Our strength comes from a lore that the world is very large and we now have a free vex for the whole of life, pass judgment termination as the ending of life. maturation starts during the middle adult stage then it allow for continue to increase until the person reaches the end. As aging progress, the body as well progress, we late die as our neurons in the brain die, and our skins sag. maturement is indispensable it happens to everybody, we evoke that we should be elated up to the last day we live and not live in the stage of Erikson, which is the discouragement.Maintaining good health becomes more challenging with age, as the insubordinate system becomes increasingly less legaland as the cardiovascular, respiratory, and organ systems function less adequately (Broderick & Blewitt, 2010). On the other hand, some adults may reach this stag e and despair at their experiences and comprehend failures. They may headache death as they agitate to find a purpose to their lives, inquire Was the trip worth it? Alternatively, they may feel they have all the answers (not contrasted freeing back to adolescence) and end with a strong dogmatism that only their view has been correct. abduceBroderick, P. C., & Blewitt, P. (2010). The life sail clement development for constituent professionals (3rd ed.). Upper level River Pearson Education, Inc. nett flux ruminationThis guide overall was a good pattern. This track down gave me sharpness to life changes that we all go through over the manakin of their lives. The course similarly reflects over the age group I am soon teaching and as to why they are acting the way they do. I like the flow of the course and the things that it show on.